NAD+: The Eye’s “Energy Currency” and a New Hope for Treating Multiple Eye Diseases

NAD+ is a key molecule in cells. Think of it as the cell’s “energy currency” and “repair fund.” It takes part in energy metabolism and DNA repair. However, with aging or problems in certain genes, NAD+ levels in the eye decrease. This damages nerve cells and retinal cells, leading to difficult-to-treat eye diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, and inherited retinal degenerations.

Research shows these eye diseases share one thing: disrupted NAD+ metabolism. For example, inherited retinal degenerations are linked to mutations in the NMNAT1 gene; glaucoma is linked to lower levels of NAMPT and NMNAT2; and macular degeneration is linked to reduced NAMPT and overactivation of PARP1. When NAD+ is insufficient, cells lose protection and gradually die.

Scientists are currently exploring two treatment approaches. One is to directly supplement NAD+ precursors, such as nicotinamide, NMN, and NR. The other is to inhibit enzymes that excessively consume NAD+, such as PARP, CD38, and SARM1. Animal studies show that these methods can protect retinal nerve cells, and some have entered clinical trials. However, excessive inhibition of these enzymes may cause side effects, such as affecting DNA repair or nervous system function.In short, regulating NAD+ metabolism offers a new direction for treating eye diseases, but safe and effective therapies still require more research.

FOR DETAIL:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08692-y

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